However, modern martial arts scholars have been unable to find historical backing for this story, and the evidence uncovered by various martial historians points to the Pechin Warrior caste in Okinawa as being those who practiced and studied various martial arts, rather than the Heimin, or commoner.

As a result, it is said, they were defenseless and developed a fighting system around their traditional farming implements. It is a popular story and common belief that Okinawan farming tools evolved into weapons due to restrictions placed upon the peasants by the Satsuma samurai clan when the island was made a part of Japan, which forbade them from carrying arms. Okinawan kobudō is distinguished from the general term kobudō, which refers to all Japanese martial arts that predate the Meiji Restoration. Less common Okinawan weapons include the tambo (short stick), the hanbō (middle length staff) and the eku (boat oar of traditional Okinawan design). These systems can have from one to as many as a dozen weapons in their curriculum, among the kon (six foot staff), sai (three-pronged truncheon), tonfa (handled club), kama (sickle), and nunchaku (two rope- or chain-connected sticks), but also the tekko (knuckledusters), tinbe-rochin (shield and spear), and surujin (weighted chain). Okinawan kobudō refers to the weapon systems of Okinawan martial arts. It is a generic term coined in the twentieth century. Okinawan Kobudō is a Japanese term that can be translated as ' old martial way of Okinawa'. Okinawan Kobudō ( 沖縄古武道), literally 'old martial way of Okinawa', is the weapon systems of Okinawan martial arts.

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